Ph.D., University of California at San Diego, 1974
His main interests are in political philosophy and in 19th century philosophy—especially Hegel, Marx, Nietzsche, and Kant. He is the author of Schiller, Hegel, and Marx (1982), Marx' Method, Epistemology, and Humanism (1986), Marx and Ethics (1988), Marx and Modern Political Theory (1993), Hegel and the Other: A Study of the Phenomenology of Spirit (2005), Nietzsche and the Horror of Existence (2009), and Hegel and Right: A Study of the Philosophy of Right (2018).